Socket communication in Java enables communication between two endpoints over a network. There are two main types of sockets: TCP sockets and UDP sockets. Let's explain both types with examples: TCP Socket Communication: 1. **Server Side**: - The server creates a `ServerSocket` object to listen for incoming connections on a specific port. - When a client connects, the server accepts the connection and creates a `Socket` object to communicate with the client. - The server reads from and writes to the socket's input and output streams to communicate with the client. import java.io.*; import java.net.*; public class TCPServer { public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(12345); System.out.println("Server started. Waiting for client..."); Socket clientSocket = serverSocket.accept(); ...
Java Statements
In Java, statements are executable units of code that perform specific actions. A Java program consists of a sequence of statements, each contributing to the overall functionality of the application. Understanding various types of statements is essential for writing clear and effective Java code.
Types of Java Statements:
1. Declaration Statements:
Declaration statements define variables and allocate memory to store data.
- int age; // Declaration of an integer variable
- double salary = 50000.0; // Declaration and initialization of a double variable
2. Expression Statements:
Expression statements are built around expressions and can include method calls.
- int result = 5 + 3; // Assignment statement with an arithmetic expression
- System.out.println(result); // Method call statement to print the result
3. Control Flow Statements:
Control flow statements regulate the order in which statements are executed.
- if Statement:
int number = 10;
if (number > 0) {
System.out.println("Positive number");
} else {
System.out.println("Non-positive number");
}
- switch Statement:
int day = 3;
switch (day) {
case 1:
System.out.println("Monday");
break;
case 2:
System.out.println("Tuesday");
break;
// ... other cases ...
default:
System.out.println("Invalid day");
}
- while Statement:
int count = 0;
while (count < 5) {
System.out.println("Count: " + count);
count++;
}
- for Statement:
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
System.out.println("Iteration: " + i);
}
- do-while Statement:
int x = 1;
do {
System.out.println("Value of x: " + x);
x++;
} while (x <= 5);
- break and continue Statements:
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
if (i == 5) {
break; // Exit the loop when i is 5
}
if (i % 2 == 0) {
continue; // Skip even numbers
}
System.out.println("Value: " + i);
}
4. Method Invocation Statements:
Method invocation statements call methods.
String message = "Hello, World!";
int length = message.length(); // Method invocation to get the length of the string
5. Object Creation Statements:
Object creation statements instantiate objects.
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in); // Creating a Scanner object
6. Labeled Statements:
Labeled statements provide a way to name loops or control statements.
outerLoop:
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
innerLoop:
for (int j = 0; j < 5; j++) {
if (j == 3) {
break outerLoop; // Break out of the outer loop when j is 3
}
System.out.println("i=" + i + ", j=" + j);
}
}
These statements, used individually or combined, enable developers to create powerful and expressive Java programs. Mastery of these constructs allows for the creation of well-organized and efficient code.
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