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Socket (TCP & UDP) communication in Java

Socket communication in Java enables communication between two endpoints over a network. There are two main types of sockets: TCP sockets and UDP sockets. Let's explain both types with examples: TCP Socket Communication: 1. **Server Side**:    - The server creates a `ServerSocket` object to listen for incoming connections on a specific port.    - When a client connects, the server accepts the connection and creates a `Socket` object to communicate with the client.    - The server reads from and writes to the socket's input and output streams to communicate with the client. import java.io.*; import java.net.*; public class TCPServer {     public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {         ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(12345);         System.out.println("Server started. Waiting for client...");         Socket clientSocket = serverSocket.accept();         System.out.println("Client connected.");         BufferedReader in = new Bu
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Java Runtime Environment (JRE)

Definition : Java Runtime Environment (JRE) is a set of software tools and libraries that enables the execution of Java applications. It provides the necessary runtime support for Java programs to run on various devices and platforms.

Components of Java Runtime Environment (JRE):




Java Virtual Machine (JVM):

  • Definition: The JVM is a crucial component of the JRE responsible for executing Java bytecode.
  • Functionality: It interprets Java bytecode or, in some cases, uses Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation to translate bytecode into native machine code for improved performance.
  • Importance: JVM abstracts the underlying hardware, allowing Java programs to be platform-independent.

Class Libraries:

  • Definition: JRE includes a set of precompiled classes and methods that Java applications can utilize.
  • Functionality: These classes cover a wide range of functionalities, from basic data structures to networking.
  • Importance: Class libraries provide a foundation for developers, offering reusable code and simplifying the development of Java applications.

Java Plugin:

  • Definition: In older versions of JRE, the Java Plugin was included to enable Java applets to run within web browsers.
  • Functionality: The plugin allowed web browsers to execute Java applets seamlessly within a web page.
  • Evolution: Due to security concerns and changes in web technologies, browser support for Java applets has diminished, and modern browsers often do not support Java plugins.

Java Web Start:

  • Definition: Java Web Start was a component that allowed Java applications to be launched directly from a web browser.
  • Functionality: It provided a mechanism for deploying and updating standalone Java applications over the internet.
  • Evolution: Similar to Java Plugin, Java Web Start has been deprecated as modern application deployment practices have evolved.

Deployment Technologies:

  • Definition: Deployment technologies facilitate the distribution and running of Java applications on client machines.
  • Functionality: These technologies include tools like Java Archive (JAR) files, Java Network Launch Protocol (JNLP), and Java Deployment Toolkit.
  • Importance: They streamline the deployment process, making it easier for users to access and run Java applications.

Java Runtime Environment Tools:

  • Definition: JRE includes various tools that aid in the development, debugging, and monitoring of Java applications.
  • Examples: Tools such as java, javac, javap, and others are part of the JRE tools suite.
  • Usage: Developers use these tools for tasks like compiling Java source code, running Java applications, and analysing bytecode.

Understanding these components is essential for developers and system administrators working with Java applications, as they form the foundation for executing Java programs on different platforms.

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Method Overloading in Java

Method Overloading in Java Method Overloading  is a feature in Java that allows a class to have multiple methods with the same name but different parameter lists. The methods can have a different number or types of parameters. The decision on which method to invoke is made by the compiler based on the arguments provided during the method call.  Example: public class Calculator {     // Method to add two integers     public int add(int a, int b) {         return a + b;     }     // Method to add three integers     public int add(int a, int b, int c) {         return a + b + c;     }     // Method to add two doubles     public double add(double a, double b) {         return a + b;     }     // Method to concatenate two strings     public String concatenate(String str1, String str2) {         return str1 + str2;     } } Method Overloading in Action: public class Main {     public static void main(String[] args) {         Calculator calculator = new Calculator();         // Overloaded meth
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