Socket communication in Java enables communication between two endpoints over a network. There are two main types of sockets: TCP sockets and UDP sockets. Let's explain both types with examples: TCP Socket Communication: 1. **Server Side**: - The server creates a `ServerSocket` object to listen for incoming connections on a specific port. - When a client connects, the server accepts the connection and creates a `Socket` object to communicate with the client. - The server reads from and writes to the socket's input and output streams to communicate with the client. import java.io.*; import java.net.*; public class TCPServer { public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(12345); System.out.println("Server started. Waiting for client..."); Socket clientSocket = serverSocket.accept(); ...
Control flow statements in Java are used to manage the flow of execution in a program. They determine the order in which statements are executed based on certain conditions. Here are the main control flow statements in Java:
1. if Statement:
- The `if` statement is used for conditional branching.
- It executes a block of code if a specified condition is true.
int x = 10;
if (x > 5) {
// code to execute if x is greater than 5
}
2. if-else Statement:
- The `if-else` statement allows branching based on a condition.
- It executes one block of code if the condition is true and another if it's false.
int x = 10;
if (x > 5) {
// code to execute if x is greater than 5
} else {
// code to execute if x is not greater than 5
}
3. if-else if-else Statement:
- This structure allows handling multiple conditions sequentially.
int x = 10;
if (x > 5) {
// code to execute if x is greater than 5
} else if (x < 5) {
// code to execute if x is less than 5
} else {
// code to execute if x is equal to 5
}
4. Switch Statement:
- The `switch` statement is used for multiple branching based on the value of an expression.
- It replaces multiple `if-else if` statements for readability.
int day = 3;
switch (day) {
case 1:
// code for Monday
break;
case 2:
// code for Tuesday
break;
// other cases...
default:
// code for other days
}
5. while Loop:
- The `while` loop repeatedly executes a block of code while a specified condition is true.
int i = 0;
while (i < 5) {
// code to execute while i is less than 5
i++;
}
6. do-while Loop:
- The `do-while` loop is similar to `while`, but it ensures the block of code is executed at least once.
int i = 0;
do {
// code to execute (at least once)
i++;
} while (i < 5);
7. for Loop:
- The `for` loop is used for iterating over a range of values.
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
// code to execute for each iteration
}
8. break and continue Statements:
- `break` is used to exit a loop prematurely, and `continue` is used to skip the rest of the code in a loop and move to the next iteration.
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
if (i == 5) {
break; // exit the loop when i is 5
}
if (i % 2 == 0) {
continue; // skip even numbers
}
// code to execute for odd numbers
}
Control flow statements are essential for building logic and making decisions in Java programs. They provide the necessary tools for creating structured and efficient code.
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