Socket communication in Java enables communication between two endpoints over a network. There are two main types of sockets: TCP sockets and UDP sockets. Let's explain both types with examples: TCP Socket Communication: 1. **Server Side**: - The server creates a `ServerSocket` object to listen for incoming connections on a specific port. - When a client connects, the server accepts the connection and creates a `Socket` object to communicate with the client. - The server reads from and writes to the socket's input and output streams to communicate with the client. import java.io.*; import java.net.*; public class TCPServer { public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(12345); System.out.println("Server started. Waiting for client..."); Socket clientSocket = serverSocket.accept(); System.out.println("Client connected."); BufferedReader in = new Bu
Multithreading in Java allows concurrent execution of multiple threads within a single process. It enables programs to perform multiple tasks simultaneously, improving performance and responsiveness. Here are some key points to note about multithreading in Java:
Basics of Multithreading:
1. Thread: A thread is the smallest unit of execution within a process. Java programs can have multiple threads running concurrently.
2. Main Thread: When a Java program starts, it begins executing in the main thread, which is created by the JVM.
3. Creating Threads:
- Extending the `Thread` class.
- Implementing the `Runnable` interface.
4. Thread States: Threads can be in different states such as `NEW`, `RUNNABLE`, `BLOCKED`, `WAITING`, `TIMED_WAITING`, and `TERMINATED`.
Thread Synchronization:
1. Race Conditions: When multiple threads access shared resources concurrently, it may lead to race conditions and inconsistent behavior.
2. Synchronization:
- Ensures that only one thread can access a shared resource at a time.
- Implemented using `synchronized` keyword, `wait()`, `notify()`, and `notifyAll()` methods.
Thread Lifecycle:
1. New: Thread is created but not yet started.
2. Runnable: Thread is executing its task.
3. Blocked: Thread is waiting for a monitor lock to enter a synchronized block/method.
4. Waiting: Thread is waiting indefinitely for another thread to perform a particular action.
5. Timed Waiting: Thread is waiting for another thread to perform a particular action for a specified waiting time.
6. Terminated: Thread has completed its task and exited.
Thread Pools:
1. Thread Pool: A pool of pre-initialized threads ready to perform tasks.
2. ExecutorService: Interface that provides a high-level abstraction for managing thread execution and provides methods to submit tasks for execution.
3. Executors: Utility class for creating different types of thread pools.
Thread Safety:
1. Mutable vs. Immutable Objects: Immutable objects are inherently thread-safe, while mutable objects require synchronization to be thread-safe.
2. Thread-Safe Collections: Java provides thread-safe collection classes such as `ConcurrentHashMap`, `CopyOnWriteArrayList`, etc.
Concurrency Utilities:
1. java.util.concurrent` Package: Provides high-level concurrency utilities such as `CountDownLatch`, `CyclicBarrier`, `Semaphore`, `Lock`, etc.
Best Practices:
1. Use Higher-Level Concurrency Utilities: Prefer using `ExecutorService` and other high-level concurrency utilities over managing threads directly.
2. Minimize Synchronization: Synchronize only when necessary to minimize contention and improve performance.
3. Avoid Deadlocks: Be cautious while using multiple locks to prevent deadlocks.
Conclusion:
Multithreading in Java enables concurrent execution of tasks, improving performance and responsiveness in applications. Understanding the basics of multithreading, synchronization techniques, thread lifecycle, and best practices is essential for writing efficient and scalable concurrent Java programs.
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