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Socket (TCP & UDP) communication in Java

Socket communication in Java enables communication between two endpoints over a network. There are two main types of sockets: TCP sockets and UDP sockets. Let's explain both types with examples: TCP Socket Communication: 1. **Server Side**:    - The server creates a `ServerSocket` object to listen for incoming connections on a specific port.    - When a client connects, the server accepts the connection and creates a `Socket` object to communicate with the client.    - The server reads from and writes to the socket's input and output streams to communicate with the client. import java.io.*; import java.net.*; public class TCPServer {     public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {         ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(12345);         System.out.println("Server started. Waiting for client...");         Socket clientSocket = serverSocket.accept();   ...
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Introduction to JCF

The Java Collections Framework (JCF) is a fundamental part of the Java programming language, providing a unified architecture for representing and manipulating collections of objects. Introduced in Java 2, it offers a set of interfaces and classes to handle common data structures efficiently.

Here's an overview of the key aspects of the Java Collections Framework:

1. Interfaces:

   - The framework includes several core interfaces such as `Collection`, `List`, `Set`, `Queue`, and `Map`.

   - These interfaces define common operations and behaviors for collections, such as adding, removing, and iterating over elements.

2. Implementations:

   - Along with interfaces, the JCF provides various implementations of these interfaces, each optimized for different use cases.

   - Examples include `ArrayList`, `LinkedList`, and `Vector` for lists, `HashSet`, `TreeSet`, and `LinkedHashSet` for sets, and `HashMap`, `TreeMap`, and `LinkedHashMap` for maps.

3. Utilities:

   - The framework offers utility classes like `Collections` and `Arrays` to perform common operations on collections and arrays.

   - These utilities include methods for sorting, searching, shuffling, and synchronizing collections.

4. Generics Support:

   - With the introduction of generics in Java 5, the Collections Framework was updated to support parameterized types.

   - This allows collections to be type-safe and provides compile-time checks for type compatibility.

5. Concurrency Support:

   - Java also provides concurrent versions of some collection classes, such as `ConcurrentHashMap` and `CopyOnWriteArrayList`, for use in multithreaded environments.

   - These classes offer thread-safe operations without the need for external synchronization.

6. Performance Characteristics:

   - The performance of various collection operations depends on the specific implementation being used.

   - For example, `ArrayList` provides fast random access but slower insertion and removal from the middle, while `LinkedList` offers fast insertion and removal but slower random access.

Overall, the Java Collections Framework simplifies the process of working with collections of objects by providing a standardized set of interfaces and implementations. It promotes code reuse, enhances readability, and improves performance by leveraging optimized data structures and algorithms.

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