Understanding Programming Methodologies: A Comprehensive Guide Introduction Programming methodologies define structured approaches to writing code, improving efficiency, maintainability, and scalability. Different methodologies provide distinct ways of thinking about problem-solving, organizing logic, and structuring applications. This blog explores various programming methodologies, their advantages, drawbacks, applications, and best use cases. 1. Procedural Programming Procedural programming follows a step-by-step approach where code is structured as procedures or functions. Characteristics: Based on the concept of procedure calls. Follows a linear, top-down execution model. Uses variables, loops, and control structures. Languages: C, Pascal, Fortran Sample Code (C): #include <stdio.h> void greet() { printf("Hello, World!\n"); } int main() { greet(); return 0; } Applications: Embedded systems (e.g., firmware, microcontrollers) Operating systems (e.g., Li...
File I/O Classes Reading
1. File Class:
- Represents a file or directory path in the file system.
- Provides methods for file manipulation and querying file attributes.
File file = new File("example.txt");
if (file.exists()) {
System.out.println("File exists!");
} else {
System.out.println("File does not exist!");
}
2. FileInputStream:
- Reads raw bytes from a file input stream.
- Suitable for reading binary data from files.
try (FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("example.txt")) {
int byteRead;
while ((byteRead = fis.read()) != -1) {
System.out.print((char) byteRead);
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
3. BufferedReader:
- Reads text from a character-input stream efficiently by buffering characters.
try (BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("example.txt"))) {
String line;
while ((line = br.readLine()) != null) {
System.out.println(line);
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
4. FileReader:
- Reads character files using the default character encoding.
try (FileReader fr = new FileReader("example.txt")) {
int character;
while ((character = fr.read()) != -1) {
System.out.print((char) character);
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
5. Scanner:
- Parses primitive types and strings from the input stream.
- Simplifies the process of reading user input or file contents.
try (Scanner scanner = new Scanner(new File("example.txt"))) {
while (scanner.hasNextLine()) {
System.out.println(scanner.nextLine());
}
} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
These examples demonstrate how to use various file I/O classes to read data from files in Java.
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