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Socket (TCP & UDP) communication in Java

Socket communication in Java enables communication between two endpoints over a network. There are two main types of sockets: TCP sockets and UDP sockets. Let's explain both types with examples: TCP Socket Communication: 1. **Server Side**:    - The server creates a `ServerSocket` object to listen for incoming connections on a specific port.    - When a client connects, the server accepts the connection and creates a `Socket` object to communicate with the client.    - The server reads from and writes to the socket's input and output streams to communicate with the client. import java.io.*; import java.net.*; public class TCPServer {     public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {         ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(12345);         System.out.println("Server started. Waiting for client...");         Socket clientSocket = serverSocket.accept();   ...
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Study of Java Runtime Environment (JRE).

The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) is a crucial component of the Java platform, providing the necessary runtime support for executing Java applications. Here's an overview of the key aspects and components of the Java Runtime Environment:

Components of Java Runtime Environment (JRE):


1. Java Virtual Machine (JVM):

   - Definition: The JVM is a virtualized execution engine that interprets or compiles Java bytecode into native machine code for the host system.

   - Responsibilities:

     - Execution of Java applications and applets.

     - Memory management, including garbage collection.

     - Handling exceptions and providing a secure execution environment.


2. Java Class Libraries:

   - Definition: A comprehensive set of pre-compiled classes and methods that provide fundamental functionalities to Java applications.

   - Responsibilities:

     - Includes core libraries (e.g., java.lang, java.util) for basic utilities.

     - Enables developers to leverage pre-built functionalities, saving time and effort.

     - Facilitates code reuse and consistency across Java applications.


3. Java API (Application Programming Interface):

   - Definition: A set of rules and protocols that define how software components should interact.

   - Responsibilities:

     - Provides a standardized way for Java applications to interact with the underlying platform.

     - Consists of numerous classes and interfaces that offer a wide range of functionalities.


4. Java Web Start:

   - Definition: A technology that enables the launching of Java applications directly from the web.

   - Responsibilities:

     - Allows users to run Java applications with a single click from a web browser.

     - Facilitates the distribution and automatic updates of Java applications.


5. Deployment Technologies:

   - Definition: Tools and technologies for packaging and deploying Java applications.

   - Responsibilities:

     - Includes tools like JAR (Java Archive) for bundling Java classes and resources.

     - Enables the creation of executable JAR files.

     - Supports the deployment of Java applications in various environments.


6. Java Plug-in:

   - Definition: A browser plug-in that allows Java applets to run within web browsers.

   - Responsibilities:

     - Facilitates the execution of Java applets embedded in web pages.

     - Provides a bridge between the web browser and the Java Runtime Environment.


Key Concepts:


1. Write Once, Run Anywhere (WORA):

   - Java's platform independence is achieved through the JRE and JVM, allowing Java bytecode to run on any device with a compatible runtime environment.


2. Security Model:

   - The JRE implements a robust security model, including features like classloaders, bytecode verification, and the Java Security Manager, to ensure a secure execution environment.


3. Dynamic Class Loading:

   - The JRE supports dynamic class loading, allowing classes to be loaded into the JVM at runtime.


4. Memory Management:

   - The JRE manages memory automatically, handling tasks such as garbage collection to reclaim memory occupied by objects that are no longer in use.


5. Java Native Interface (JNI):

   - The JRE allows Java applications to interact with native code through the Java Native Interface (JNI).


Development and Deployment:


1. Developing Java Applications:

   - Developers write Java code using the Java Development Kit (JDK), which includes a compiler for translating source code into Java bytecode.


2. Deploying Java Applications:

   - End-users need the JRE to run Java applications. Developers can package their applications with the necessary JRE components or rely on users to install a compatible JRE.


In conclusion, the Java Runtime Environment is a critical part of the Java platform, providing the runtime support needed to execute Java applications. It includes the Java Virtual Machine, class libraries, APIs, and deployment technologies, enabling Java's cross-platform compatibility and security features.

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