Socket communication in Java enables communication between two endpoints over a network. There are two main types of sockets: TCP sockets and UDP sockets. Let's explain both types with examples: TCP Socket Communication: 1. **Server Side**: - The server creates a `ServerSocket` object to listen for incoming connections on a specific port. - When a client connects, the server accepts the connection and creates a `Socket` object to communicate with the client. - The server reads from and writes to the socket's input and output streams to communicate with the client. import java.io.*; import java.net.*; public class TCPServer { public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(12345); System.out.println("Server started. Waiting for client..."); Socket clientSocket = serverSocket.accept(); ...
JUnit is a popular testing framework for Java programming language. It provides a simple and efficient way to write unit tests for your Java code, allowing you to ensure that your code functions as expected and continues to work correctly as you make changes.
Key Features of JUnit:
1. Annotations: JUnit uses annotations to identify methods that specify test cases and setup/teardown operations. Annotations include `@Test`, `@Before`, `@After`, `@BeforeClass`, and `@AfterClass`.
2. Assertions: JUnit provides a set of assertion methods such as `assertEquals`, `assertTrue`, `assertFalse`, `assertNotNull`, etc., to validate expected outcomes of tests.
3. Test Runners: JUnit includes various test runners that execute test cases and report results. The default runner is `BlockJUnit4ClassRunner`, but JUnit also supports parameterized tests and suites.
4. Parameterized Tests: JUnit allows you to write parameterized tests using the `@ParameterizedTest` annotation, which enables you to run the same test with different input values.
5. Test Suites: JUnit allows you to group related tests into test suites using the `@RunWith` and `@Suite` annotations.
6. Mocking: JUnit integrates with mocking frameworks like Mockito and EasyMock, allowing you to create mock objects for testing.
Example of a Simple JUnit Test:
import org.junit.Test;
import static org.junit.Assert.*;
public class CalculatorTest {
@Test
public void testAddition() {
Calculator calc = new Calculator();
assertEquals(5, calc.add(2, 3));
}
@Test
public void testDivision() {
Calculator calc = new Calculator();
assertEquals(2, calc.divide(6, 3));
}
}
In this example:
- We have a `Calculator` class that we want to test.
- We write test methods annotated with `@Test` to test different functionalities of the `Calculator`.
- We use assertion methods like `assertEquals` to verify expected outcomes.
Analogy:
Think of JUnit as a quality control process in a manufacturing plant. Just as quality control ensures that products meet certain standards and specifications, JUnit tests ensure that your code behaves as expected and meets predefined criteria. Just like quality control checks various aspects of a product, JUnit tests verify different aspects of your code, such as functionality, correctness, and reliability.
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