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The `final` Keyword

 In Java, the `final` keyword is used to restrict the ability to modify entities such as variables, methods, and classes. Here's a breakdown of how `final` is used in different contexts:


1. Final Variables:

   - When applied to a variable, it indicates that the variable's value cannot be changed once it has been initialized.

   - Final instance variables must be initialized before the constructor completes or through an instance initializer block.

   - Final static variables (class variables) must be initialized before the class is loaded, either through direct assignment or within a static initializer block.



   public class MyClass {

       final int x = 10; // final instance variable

       final static int y; // final static variable


       static {

           y = 20; // initialization of final static variable

       }

   }


2. Final Methods:

   - When applied to a method, it prevents subclasses from overriding that method.

   - Final methods are useful when certain behavior of a method should not be changed by subclasses.


   Example:


   public class Parent {

       final void display() {

           System.out.println("Parent's display method");

       }

   }


   public class Child extends Parent {

       // This will cause a compilation error as final methods cannot be overridden

       void display() {

           System.out.println("Child's display method");

       }

   }


3. Final Classes:

   - When applied to a class, it indicates that the class cannot be subclassed.

   - Final classes are often used for utility classes or classes with immutable behavior.


   Example:


   final class FinalClass {

       // Class definition

   }


   // This will cause a compilation error as FinalClass cannot be extended

   public class SubClass extends FinalClass {

       // Class definition

   }



4. Final Arguments:

   - When applied to method parameters, it ensures that the value of the parameter cannot be changed within the method.


   Example:


   public void processData(final int value) {

       // value = 10; // This will cause a compilation error as value is final

       System.out.println("Value: " + value);

   }



In summary, the `final` keyword in Java is used to create constants, prevent method overriding, prohibit subclassing, and ensure immutability where needed. It adds clarity, safety, and design constraints to Java programs.

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