Understanding Programming Methodologies: A Comprehensive Guide Introduction Programming methodologies define structured approaches to writing code, improving efficiency, maintainability, and scalability. Different methodologies provide distinct ways of thinking about problem-solving, organizing logic, and structuring applications. This blog explores various programming methodologies, their advantages, drawbacks, applications, and best use cases. 1. Procedural Programming Procedural programming follows a step-by-step approach where code is structured as procedures or functions. Characteristics: Based on the concept of procedure calls. Follows a linear, top-down execution model. Uses variables, loops, and control structures. Languages: C, Pascal, Fortran Sample Code (C): #include <stdio.h> void greet() { printf("Hello, World!\n"); } int main() { greet(); return 0; } Applications: Embedded systems (e.g., firmware, microcontrollers) Operating systems (e.g., Li...
In Java, you can create custom exceptions by extending the `Exception` class or one of its subclasses like `RuntimeException`. Custom exceptions are useful when you want to define your own exception types to represent specific error conditions in your application.
Syntax for creating a custom exception:
public class CustomException extends Exception {
// Constructors, methods, and additional members can be defined here
}
Example of a custom exception:
public class InvalidAgeException extends Exception {
public InvalidAgeException(String message) {
super(message);
}
}
public class AgeValidator {
public static void validateAge(int age) throws InvalidAgeException {
if (age < 0) {
throw new InvalidAgeException("Age cannot be negative");
}
if (age < 18) {
throw new InvalidAgeException("Must be at least 18 years old");
}
System.out.println("Age is valid");
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
validateAge(20);
validateAge(-5); // This will throw an InvalidAgeException
} catch (InvalidAgeException e) {
System.out.println("InvalidAgeException: " + e.getMessage());
}
}
}
In this example:
- We create a custom exception `InvalidAgeException` by extending the `Exception` class and providing a constructor to set the error message.
- The `validateAge` method throws `InvalidAgeException` if the age is negative or less than 18.
- In the `main` method, we catch `InvalidAgeException` and handle it appropriately.
Analogy:
Think of a custom exception as a specialized tool or equipment designed for a specific task. For example, in a carpentry workshop, if you encounter a particular type of material that requires a unique cutting technique, you might design a custom saw blade specifically for that material. Similarly, in Java, custom exceptions allow you to create specialized error-handling mechanisms tailored to specific error conditions in your application.
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