Object Oriented Programming Using JAVA

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Showing posts from February, 2025

Understanding Constructors in Java: A Simple Guide with Examples and Analogies

What is a Constructor in Java? In Java, a constructor is a special type of method that is used to initialize objects. When you create an object of a class, the constructor is called automatically. Its main job is to set the initial values of the object’s properties or perform any setup that the object needs before it can be used. Why Do We Need Constructors? You need constructors because: Initialization : Constructors are responsible for initializing an object when it is created. Automatic Execution : A constructor is automatically called when an object is created, so you don’t have to manually initialize every property. Simplifying Object Creation : It simplifies object creation by providing default values or custom initialization. Where Do Constructors Fit in Java? Constructors fit within a class. They are used whenever a new object of that class is created, and they allow the object to be initialized. Constructors must have the same name as the class, and they don't have a re...

Implementing Arrays and String Functions in Java

1️⃣ Working with Arrays in Java An array in Java is a collection of elements of the same type , stored in contiguous memory locations. 🔹 Declaring and Initializing an Array: public class ArrayExample { public static void main (String[] args) { int [] numbers = { 10 , 20 , 30 , 40 , 50 }; // Array declaration and initialization System.out.println( "First element: " + numbers[ 0 ]); // Accessing array elements // Using a loop to print all elements System.out.println( "Array Elements:" ); for ( int num : numbers) { System.out.println(num); } } } ✅ Output: First element: 10 Array Elements: 10 20 30 40 50 🔹 Taking Array Input from User and Finding Sum: import java.util.Scanner; public class ArrayInput { public static void main (String[] args) { Scanner sc = new Scanner (System.in); System.out.print( "Enter number of elemen...

Why is String[] args necessary in main() method in Java?

Why is String[] args necessary in main() method in Java? In Java, the main method serves as the entry point for the program. The correct syntax for the main method is: public static void main (String[] args) { System.out.println( "Hello, Java!" ); } 🔹 Breaking it down: public → Accessible from anywhere. static → No need to create an object of the class to run it. void → No return value. main → Special method recognized by the JVM as the starting point. String[] args → Stores command-line arguments (optional but required by JVM). Why Can't We Skip String[] args ? JVM looks for main(String[] args) When you run a Java program, the JVM searches for the main method with exactly this signature : public static void main (String[] args) If you change or remove String[] args , the JVM cannot find the correct main() method and throws a runtime error (NoSuchMethodError). Java Specification Requires It The Java Language Specification (JLS) defines that main...

Why JVM Was Needed & How It Evolved – A Story

The Problem Before Java In the early days of programming, developers faced a big issue: portability . Every programming language required code to be rewritten for different operating systems. A program written for Windows wouldn’t run on Linux or Mac without modifications. Imagine you are a Bollywood director making a movie. If you shoot in Hindi, it won’t reach a Tamil-speaking audience unless you dub or remake it. This was the same problem in software—each platform needed a different version of the same program. The Birth of Java & JVM (1991-1995) In 1991, James Gosling and his team at Sun Microsystems wanted to solve this problem. They dreamed of a language that could run anywhere, on any device, without modification . They created Java , but Java alone wasn’t enough. They needed a translator that could understand Java and speak the language of any operating system. This is where the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) was born. Java Compiles Code to Bytecode : Instead of com...

Reading Values from Keyboard in Java

Reading Values from Keyboard in Java In Java, we can take user input from the keyboard using different methods. The most common ways are: Using Scanner Class (Recommended) Using BufferedReader Using Console Class 1. Using Scanner Class (Most Common & Easy) The Scanner class is the easiest way to read input from the keyboard. It is part of the java.util package. Example: Read Integer, Float, and String Input import java.util.Scanner; // Import Scanner class public class ScannerExample { public static void main (String[] args) { Scanner sc = new Scanner (System.in); // Create Scanner object System.out.print( "Enter your name: " ); String name = sc.nextLine(); // Read String input System.out.print( "Enter your age: " ); int age = sc.nextInt(); // Read integer input System.out.print( "Enter your salary: " ); float salary = sc.nextFloat(); // Re...

Basic Java Program for Operators, Variables, and Control Flow Statements

1. Variables and Operators in Java A variable is used to store data, and operators perform operations on these variables. Example: Arithmetic Operators public class BasicOperators { public static void main (String[] args) { int a = 10 , b = 5 ; System.out.println( "Sum: " + (a + b)); System.out.println( "Difference: " + (a - b)); System.out.println( "Product: " + (a * b)); System.out.println( "Quotient: " + (a / b)); System.out.println( "Remainder: " + (a % b)); } } Explanation: + (Addition), - (Subtraction), * (Multiplication), / (Division), % (Modulo) are used to perform arithmetic calculations. 2. Control Flow Statements in Java Control flow statements decide the execution path of the program based on conditions. Example: If-Else Statement public class IfElseExample { public static void main (String[] args) { int num = 10 ; ...

Java's Evolution: A Story of Programming Languages

Let me take you on a journey through time. Imagine you are in the early days of computing, where machines were big, and programmers were pioneers. The world of programming was starting to take shape, and over time, languages evolved to make things easier, faster, and more powerful. And one of the most popular and influential languages today is Java , but it didn't come out of nowhere. 1. The Beginning: FORTRAN (1950s) In the late 1950s, computing was a daunting task. The first major programming language to be developed was FORTRAN (short for Formula Translation ), invented by IBM in 1957. It was designed to make scientific and engineering calculations faster and more efficient. FORTRAN helped move programming from machine-level code to something more human-readable. It was like giving humans the ability to talk to computers more easily. Key Contribution : First high-level language, allowing scientists to do complex calculations without knowing machine code. 2. COBOL: The Business...

Different Types of Computer Architecture

Computer architecture refers to the design and structure of a computer system. There are several types of computer architectures, each designed for specific purposes. Here are the main ones explained in simple terms: 1. Von Neumann Architecture (Stored Program Architecture) Description : This is the most common architecture for general-purpose computers. It consists of a Central Processing Unit (CPU) , memory , and input/output devices . How it works : In Von Neumann architecture, both data and instructions (programs) are stored in the same memory. The CPU fetches instructions from memory, executes them, and then moves to the next instruction. This architecture is simple and easy to implement. Example : Most personal computers, laptops, and desktops use this architecture. 2. Harvard Architecture Description : Harvard architecture is similar to Von Neumann, but with a key difference: it has separate memory for data and instructions . This allows the CPU to fetch instructions a...